{"id":183639,"date":"2026-10-02T03:13:17","date_gmt":"2026-10-02T08:13:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/?p=183639"},"modified":"2026-10-02T05:49:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T10:49:00","slug":"hybrid-pulse-power-characterization-hppc-testing-with-arbin-mits-pro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/zh\/hybrid-pulse-power-characterization-hppc-testing-with-arbin-mits-pro.html","title":{"rendered":"Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) Testing with Arbin MITS Pro"},"content":{"rendered":"<!-- Arbin AN-024 HPPC note. Paste the whole file into one Beaver Builder HTML module. --><header><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/\">Home<\/a> \u00a0\u203a\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/resources.html\">Resources<\/a> \u00a0\u203a\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/category\/application-notes\">Application Notes<\/a> \u00a0\u203a\u00a0 HPPC Application Note AN-024\r\n<h1>Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) Testing with Arbin MITS Pro<\/h1>\r\n<h2>Summary<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test measures the pulse resistance and pulse power capability of a battery across its state-of-charge (SOC) range. This application note describes the HPPC method, the cycler characteristics that determine measurement quality, and an HPPC test on an XCell N18650-35E cell at 90% SOC and 25\u00a0\u00b0C, performed on an Arbin HPS cycler using a MITS Pro schedule.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/arbin-an-024-hppc-testing.pdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download PDF<\/a>\r\n<aside aria-label=\"Document information\">\r\n<dl>\r\n<dt>Document<\/dt>\r\n<dd style=\"padding: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #dde5f0; font-size: 0.8rem; margin: 0; color: #18214d; font-weight: 600; text-align: right; border: 0; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace;\">AN-024<\/dd>\r\n<dt>Revision<\/dt>\r\n<dd>1.0<\/dd>\r\n<dt>Released<\/dt>\r\n<dd>Oct 1, 2026<\/dd>\r\n<dt>Topic<\/dt>\r\n<dd>Resistance &amp; Power<\/dd>\r\n<dt>Test level<\/dt>\r\n<dd>Cell<\/dd>\r\n<dt>System<\/dt>\r\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-research\/high-precision-tester.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arbin HPS<\/a><\/dd>\r\n<dt>Software<\/dt>\r\n<dd>MITS Pro<\/dd>\r\n<dt>Standard<\/dt>\r\n<dd>DOE \/ INL battery test manuals<\/dd>\r\n<dt>Reading time<\/dt>\r\n<dd>14 min<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/aside>\r\n<\/header><nav aria-label=\"Contents\">\r\n<h2>Contents<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s1\">1Introduction to HPPC testing<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s2\">2HPPC methodology<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s3\">3Cycler requirements<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s4\">4Cell, module and pack testing<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s5\">5Device under test<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s6\">6Experimental setup<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s7\">7Results<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#s8\">8Conclusion<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"#refs\">\u00a0References<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<b>Take it with you<\/b> The full application note as a PDF. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/arbin-an-024-hppc-testing.pdf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download PDF<\/a><\/nav>\r\n<article>\r\n<section id=\"s1\">\r\n<h2>1Introduction to HPPC Testing<\/h2>\r\n<p>The HPPC test is defined in the US Department of Energy battery test manuals for hybrid and electric vehicles <a href=\"#r1\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"#r2\">[2]<\/a>. A short discharge pulse and a short charge (regen) pulse are applied at a series of SOC levels and the voltage response is recorded. The voltage change during each pulse gives the <strong>discharge resistance<\/strong> and <strong>regen resistance<\/strong> at that SOC, from which the <strong>pulse power<\/strong> that the battery can deliver or absorb within its voltage limits is calculated <a href=\"#r1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Capacity measurements quantify stored energy but not the rate at which energy can be delivered or accepted. HPPC provides this information and is used to:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>set the power limits a battery management system (BMS) allows at each SOC;<\/li>\r\n<li>parameterise the equivalent circuit models used for SOC and state-of-health estimation <a href=\"#r5\">[5]<\/a><a href=\"#r6\">[6]<\/a>;<\/li>\r\n<li>compare cell designs, chemistries or suppliers;<\/li>\r\n<li>track resistance growth as a cell ages.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Cell resistance increases and pulse power decreases at lower temperature <a href=\"#r4\">[4]<\/a>; HPPC is therefore performed at a controlled temperature and repeated at each temperature of interest.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"s2\">\r\n<h2>2HPPC Methodology<\/h2>\r\n<h3>2.1HPPC Pulse Profile<\/h3>\r\n<p>The HPPC pulse profile is a 10-second discharge pulse, a 40-second rest and a 10-second regen pulse at 75% of the discharge current <a href=\"#r1\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"#r3\">[3]<\/a>. In a full test the profile is applied at every 10% SOC step; between steps the cell is discharged at a constant rate and rested for one hour, so that each pulse starts from a relaxed, near open-circuit condition <a href=\"#r1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p><b>Table 1.<\/b> HPPC pulse profile<\/p>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Time increment (s)<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Cumulative time (s)<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Segment<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Relative current<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">10<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">10<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Discharge pulse<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">1.00 (discharge)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">40<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">50<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Rest<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">10<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">60<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Regen pulse<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">0.75 (charge)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>2.2Pulse Resistance and Power Calculation<\/h3>\r\n<p>With t<sub>0<\/sub> just before the discharge pulse, t<sub>1<\/sub> at the end of the discharge pulse, t<sub>2<\/sub> at the end of the rest and t<sub>3<\/sub> at the end of the regen pulse (Figure 1) <a href=\"#r1\">[1]<\/a>:<\/p>\r\n<i>R<\/i><sub>dis<\/sub> = | (<i>V<\/i><sub>t0<\/sub> \u2212 <i>V<\/i><sub>t1<\/sub>) \/ (<i>I<\/i><sub>t0<\/sub> \u2212 <i>I<\/i><sub>t1<\/sub>) |(1) <i>R<\/i><sub>regen<\/sub> = | (<i>V<\/i><sub>t3<\/sub> \u2212 <i>V<\/i><sub>t2<\/sub>) \/ (<i>I<\/i><sub>t3<\/sub> \u2212 <i>I<\/i><sub>t2<\/sub>) |(2) <i>P<\/i><sub>dis<\/sub> = <i>V<\/i><sub>min<\/sub> \u00b7 (OCV<sub>dis<\/sub> \u2212 <i>V<\/i><sub>min<\/sub>) \/ <i>R<\/i><sub>dis<\/sub>(3) <i>P<\/i><sub>regen<\/sub> = <i>V<\/i><sub>max<\/sub> \u00b7 (<i>V<\/i><sub>max<\/sub> \u2212 OCV<sub>regen<\/sub>) \/ <i>R<\/i><sub>regen<\/sub>(4)\r\n<p>OCV<sub>dis<\/sub> and OCV<sub>regen<\/sub> are the rested voltages before the discharge and regen pulses. Plotted against SOC, these values give the resistance and pulse power curves of the cell.<\/p>\r\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig1-hppc-voltage-response.png\" alt=\"Schematic of the voltage response to one HPPC pulse sequence, marking points t0 to t3 used in the resistance equations\" width=\"1357\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><b>Figure 1.<\/b> Schematic voltage response to one HPPC pulse sequence, with the points used in Equations (1) and (2). Measured data for the example cell are shown in Section 7.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p>The measured resistance depends on the time at which it is evaluated (for example 1\u00a0s or 10\u00a0s after the start of the pulse); the evaluation time is therefore reported with the results <a href=\"#r7\">[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"s3\">\r\n<h2>3Cycler Requirements for HPPC<\/h2>\r\n<p>HPPC results are calculated from voltage and current readings taken at defined times during fast current steps in both directions. Measurement errors and deviations from the programmed waveform propagate directly into the calculated resistance and power. Table 2 lists the cycler characteristics that affect HPPC results and the corresponding test-setup considerations.<\/p>\r\n<p><b>Table 2.<\/b> Cycler characteristics and test-setup choices that affect HPPC results<\/p>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Characteristic<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Relevance to HPPC<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Test-setup consideration<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Voltage accuracy and resolution<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Resistance is the difference of two voltage readings; pulse power also uses the absolute OCV and voltage limits<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Insufficient accuracy causes scatter in resistance between channels and repeat tests<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Current accuracy and range<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Resistance divides by the pulse current; SOC steps rely on charge counting<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Use the smallest range that covers the pulse; an oversized range multiplies the current error<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Current rise time and overshoot<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Defines when the pulse effectively starts; overshoot can reach voltage limits<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Slow rise or overshoot distorts short-time resistance and can trigger limits<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Sampling and logging rate<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Short-time (ohmic) resistance and model fitting need fast data during pulses <a href=\"#r7\">[7]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Fast logging during pulses, slower logging during rests; combined time- and voltage-based criteria<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Bipolar (bidirectional) circuitry<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">The regen pulse follows the discharge pulse within one 60\u00a0s sequence<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Relay-switched charge\/discharge circuits can introduce dead time or transients at the transition<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Voltage limit handling<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Regen at high SOC and discharge at low SOC approach V<sub>max<\/sub> and V<sub>min<\/sub> <a href=\"#r1\">[1]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Step limits in addition to safety limits, so that the channel responds within the step<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Temperature control and logging<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Resistance changes strongly with temperature <a href=\"#r4\">[4]<\/a><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Temperature chamber, thermal soak before testing, cell temperature logged with the electrical data<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>3.1Test Instrument<\/h3>\r\n<p>A precision cycler facilitates meeting the requirements in Table 2. The test in this note was performed on an Arbin HPS ultra-high precision cycler with integrated temperature chambers (Figure 2). Its specifications are listed in Table 3 <a href=\"#r9\">[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig2-arbin-hps-integrated-chambers.webp\" alt=\"Arbin HPS cycler with two integrated temperature chambers\" width=\"532\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><b>Figure 2.<\/b> Arbin HPS cycler with integrated temperature chambers, one chamber per channel.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\nProduct page: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-research\/high-precision-tester.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arbin HPS Ultra-High Precision Battery Cycler<\/a>\r\n<p><strong>Arbin HPS key specifications<\/strong> <a href=\"#r9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\u00b16 V Bipolar voltage range 5 A to 100 \u00b5A Six auto-switching current ranges per channel \u00b10.002% FSR Voltage measurement accuracy (20 ppm) \u00b10.001% FSR Voltage measurement precision (10 ppm, 120 \u00b5V) \u00b10.004% FSR Current measurement accuracy (control \u00b10.005% FSR) \u00b10.002% FSR Current measurement precision (20 ppm; 4 nA on 100 \u00b5A range) 24-bit Measurement and control resolution \u2264 200 \u00b5s Current rise\/fall time; 2 ms minimum pulse width\r\n<p>In the integrated-chamber version, each channel has a dedicated chamber (10 to 60\u00a0\u00b0C, \u00b10.5\u00a0\u00b0C stability) and a PT100 input mapped to the channel, so that temperature is controlled and recorded together with the electrical data.<\/p>\r\n<p><b>Table 3.<\/b> Arbin HPS specifications relevant to HPPC <a href=\"#r9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Requirement<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Arbin HPS specification<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Relevance to HPPC<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Voltage accuracy and precision<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Measurement accuracy \u00b10.002% FSR (20 ppm); precision \u00b10.001% FSR (10 ppm, 120 \u00b5V); 24-bit measurement<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Sub-millivolt resolution of the pulse voltage change<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Current accuracy and range<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Six auto-switching ranges per channel (5 A to 100 \u00b5A); control accuracy \u00b10.005% FSR; measurement accuracy \u00b10.004% FSR<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Each step is measured on a suitable range, from the pulses to the CV taper<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Rise time<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Current rise\/fall time \u2264 200 \u00b5s; minimum pulse width 2 ms; minimum step time 5 ms<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Sharp pulse edges and fine time resolution for short-time resistance<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Bipolar operation<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Bipolar \u22126 V to +6 V range; charge and discharge on the same channel<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Discharge, rest and regen performed as one sequence on one channel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Temperature control<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Integrated chamber per channel, 10 to 60 \u00b0C, \u00b10.5 \u00b0C stability; PT100 input mapped to the channel<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Temperature controlled and recorded with the electrical data<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Software<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">MITS Pro: 30+ control types, 90+ meta variables, nested loops<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">HPPC programmed once as a schedule and reused for other cells<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"s4\">\r\n<h2>4Cell, Module and Pack Level Testing<\/h2>\r\n<p>HPPC can be performed at cell, module or pack level. The pulse profile is the same at each level; currents, voltages and limits are scaled to the device under test <a href=\"#r2\">[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p><b>Table 4.<\/b> HPPC test levels<\/p>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Level<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Typical application<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Test setup<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Arbin systems<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Cell<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Cell development and selection, model parameterisation, ageing studies<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Single channel; cell-level currents and voltage limits<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">LBT-Cell, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-test-equipment\/rbt-cell.html\">RBT-Cell<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-research\/high-precision-tester.html\">HPS<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Module<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Module resistance including interconnects<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Higher voltage; module limits; cell voltage monitoring<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-test-equipment\/lbts-module.html\">LBTS-Module<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-test-equipment\/rbt-module.html\">RBT-Module<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Pack<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">System validation and BMS power-limit verification<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Pack-level voltage and power; BMS communication; pack safety limits<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">RBT-Pack<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>The experiment described in this note is performed at <strong>cell level<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"s5\">\r\n<h2>5Device Under Test: XCell N18650-35E<\/h2>\r\n<p>The device under test is an XCell N18650-35E, a 3350\u00a0mAh cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion cell (Figure 3). The datasheet values <a href=\"#r8\">[8]<\/a> are listed in Table 5 and were entered in the MITS Pro cell definition.<\/p>\r\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig3-xcell-n18650-35e-outline.webp\" alt=\"Dimensioned outline drawing of the XCell N18650-35E cylindrical cell\" width=\"229\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><b>Figure 3.<\/b> XCell N18650-35E outline and maximum dimensions in mm <a href=\"#r8\">[8]<\/a>.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p><b>Table 5.<\/b> XCell N18650-35E datasheet values <a href=\"#r8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Nominal \/ minimum capacity<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">3350 mAh \/ 3250 mAh<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Nominal voltage<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">3.6 V<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Charge cut-off voltage (V<sub>max<\/sub>)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">4.20 V<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Discharge cut-off voltage (V<sub>min<\/sub>)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">2.50 V<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Standard charge<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">CC 0.5C to 4.20 V, CV at 4.20 V until current \u2264 0.01C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Maximum charge current<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">1C at 25 \u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Maximum continuous discharge current<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">3C at 25 \u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Internal resistance<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2264 35 m\u03a9 (AC, 1 kHz)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Dimensions (max.)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\u00d8 18.55 mm \u00d7 65.10 mm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Weight<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2264 49 g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Operating temperature<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Charge 0 to 45 \u00b0C; discharge \u221220 to 60 \u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Cycle life<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\u2265 800 cycles to 80% capacity (1C\/1C)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"s6\">\r\n<h2>6Experimental Setup<\/h2>\r\n<p>The HPPC pulse sequence is applied at a single SOC point, <strong>90% SOC<\/strong>, with the cell at <strong>25\u00a0\u00b0C<\/strong> in the integrated chamber of the Arbin HPS. 25\u00a0\u00b0C lies within the datasheet charge and discharge temperature ranges and is the common reference temperature for HPPC <a href=\"#r1\">[1]<\/a><a href=\"#r8\">[8]<\/a>. A full SOC sweep is obtained by repeating steps 5 to 11 at each 10% SOC step.<\/p>\r\n<p><b>Table 6.<\/b> Test conditions<\/p>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Condition<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Equipment<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Arbin HPS with integrated chamber, MITS Pro<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Temperature<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">25 \u00b0C in the HPS integrated chamber (MITS Pro test setting TestStg_25C)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">SOC<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">90% (single pulse set)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Charge<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">CC 0.5C to 4.20 V, then CV at 4.20 V until the current falls to 0.01C (datasheet standard charge)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">SOC adjustment<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Discharge 10% of nominal capacity (0.335 Ah) at 0.5C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">HPPC discharge pulse<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">2.50 A (0.75C), 10 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">HPPC regen pulse<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">1.88 A (0.75 \u00d7 2.50 A), 10 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Safety limits<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">V<sub>min<\/sub> = 2.50 V, V<sub>max<\/sub> = 4.20 V, discharge \u2264 3C, charge \u2264 1C, cell temperature within datasheet range<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>6.1Test Procedure at 90% SOC and 25\u00a0\u00b0C<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>1Soak at 25 \u00b0C for 1 hour.log every 1 minute<\/li>\r\n<li>2Charge at 0.5C (CC) to 4.20 V.log every 30 seconds and every 10 mV change<\/li>\r\n<li>3Hold at 4.20 V (CV) until the current falls to 0.01C.log every 30 seconds<\/li>\r\n<li>4Rest for 1 hour.log every 10 seconds<\/li>\r\n<li>5Reset the charge and discharge capacity counters.\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li>6Discharge at 0.5C until 10% of nominal capacity (0.335 Ah) has been removed, bringing the cell to 90% SOC. End test if 2.50 V is reached.log every 10 seconds and every 10 mV change<\/li>\r\n<li>7Rest for 1 hour.log every 10 seconds<\/li>\r\n<li>8HPPC discharge at 2.50 A for 10 seconds. End test if 2.50 V is reached.log every 0.1 second and every 5 mV change<\/li>\r\n<li>9HPPC rest for 40 seconds.log every 0.1 second<\/li>\r\n<li>10HPPC regen at 1.88 A for 10 seconds. End test if 4.20 V is reached.log every 0.1 second and every 5 mV change<\/li>\r\n<li>11Rest for 1 hour, then end the test.log every 10 seconds<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig4-hppc-test-current-profile.webp\" alt=\"Current profile of the full test with steps 1 to 11 numbered\" width=\"1349\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><b>Figure 4.<\/b> Current profile of the test (not to scale). Numbers refer to the steps in Section 6.1.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h3 id=\"schedule-file\">6.2MITS Pro Schedule Implementation<\/h3>\r\n<p>Figure 5 shows the schedule in MITS Pro, programmed as one step per line (sequential method). Table 7 lists the control, step limits and log limits of each step. Capacity-based limits refer to MV_NominalCapacity, the nominal capacity in the MITS Pro cell definition (3.35 Ah), which allows the schedule to be reused for other cells. The CV step holds 1 \u00d7 LS_CHAN_Voltage, the voltage at the end of the CC step (4.20 V). Charge current is positive and discharge current is negative.<\/p>\r\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig5-mits-hppc-schedule.webp\" alt=\"Screenshot of the HPPC_Sequential schedule in MITS Pro\" width=\"1493\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><b>Figure 5.<\/b> HPPC schedule (HPPC_Sequential.sdx) in MITS Pro.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p><b>Table 7.<\/b> HPPC schedule steps and limits<\/p>\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">#<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Step label<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Control type<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Control value<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Step limit (goto)<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Log limit<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">Soak<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Rest<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Test setting TestStg_25C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 1 h \u2192 next<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 60 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">Charge_CC<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">C-rate<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">+0.5C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Voltage \u2265 4.20 V \u2192 next<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 30 s; DV_Voltage \u2265 0.01 V<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">Charge_CV<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Voltage(V)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">1 \u00d7 LS_CHAN_Voltage (4.20 V)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Current \u2264 0.01 \u00d7 MV_NominalCapacity \u2192 next<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 30 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">Rest_After_Chrg<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Rest<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">&#8211;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 1 h \u2192 next<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 10 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">ResetCap<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Set variable<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Reset capacity counters<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 0 \u2192 next<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">&#8211;<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">Adjust_SOC90%<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">C-rate<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\u22120.5C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Discharge_Capacity \u2265 0.1 \u00d7 MV_NominalCapacity \u2192 next<br \/>PV_CHAN_Voltage \u2264 2.50 V \u2192 end<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 10 s; DV_Voltage \u2265 0.01 V<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">Rest_Before_HPPC<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Rest<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">&#8211;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 1 h \u2192 next<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 10 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">HPPC_Discharge<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Current(A)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\u22122.50 A<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 10 s \u2192 next<br \/>PV_CHAN_Voltage \u2264 2.50 V \u2192 end<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 0.1 s; DV_Voltage \u2265 0.005 V<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">HPPC_Rest<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Rest<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">&#8211;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 40 s \u2192 next<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 0.1 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">HPPC_Regen<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Current(A)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">+1.88 A<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 10 s \u2192 next<br \/>PV_CHAN_Voltage \u2265 4.20 V \u2192 end<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 0.1 s; DV_Voltage \u2265 0.005 V<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">Rest_After_HPPC<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Rest<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">&#8211;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">PV_CHAN_Step_Time \u2265 1 h \u2192 end<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0.62rem 0.85rem; border-top: 1px solid #dde5f0; color: #18214d; vertical-align: top; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', ui-monospace, 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, monospace; font-size: 0.78rem;\" valign=\"top\">DV_Time \u2265 10 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"s7\">\r\n<h2>7Results<\/h2>\r\n<p>Figure 6 shows the complete test recorded in MITS Pro: soak, CC-CV charge to 4.20 V, rest, 0.5C discharge to 90% SOC, rest, HPPC pulse sequence and final rest. Figure 7 shows the pulse sequence in detail.<\/p>\r\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig6-hppc-full-test-voltage-current.webp\" alt=\"Voltage and current over the complete test at 25 degrees C\" width=\"1485\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><b>Figure 6.<\/b> Voltage (blue) and current (green) over the complete test at 25\u00a0\u00b0C.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig7-hppc-pulse-detail.webp\" alt=\"Detail of the HPPC pulse sequence at 90 percent SOC showing voltage and current\" width=\"1485\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<figcaption><b>Figure 7.<\/b> HPPC pulse sequence at 90% SOC: 10\u00a0s discharge at 2.50\u00a0A, 40\u00a0s rest, 10\u00a0s regen at 1.88\u00a0A, followed by the rest.<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p>The recorded data show the following:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><strong>Pulse current.<\/strong> The current steps to \u22122.50 A and +1.88 A and remains constant for the full 10 s, so that the resistance is calculated against a defined current.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Transitions.<\/strong> Discharge, rest and charge follow each other within one minute without visible overshoot or dead time, as provided by bipolar circuitry.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Data logging.<\/strong> Time- and voltage-based logging records the voltage step at the start of each pulse, the response during the pulse and the subsequent relaxation, while the long rest periods are logged at a lower rate.<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Voltage limits.<\/strong> The voltage remained between 2.50 V and 4.20 V throughout the test, with step limits programmed to end the test if either limit was reached.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>V<sub>t0<\/sub> to V<sub>t3<\/sub> are taken from the data file, and the resistance and pulse power at this SOC are calculated with Equations (1) to (4).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"s8\">\r\n<h2>8Conclusion<\/h2>\r\n<p>HPPC is a short protocol consisting of a 10\u00a0s discharge pulse, a 40\u00a0s rest and a 10\u00a0s charge pulse, repeated across the SOC range. It characterises the power delivery and acceptance of a battery, which capacity testing does not.<\/p>\r\n<p>Since the results are derived from small voltage changes measured during fast current steps, the quality of HPPC results depends largely on the cycler. Accurate voltage and current measurement, suitable current ranges, fast current steps, flexible data logging, bipolar operation, step-level limit handling and integrated temperature control allow small differences between cells, and small changes as a cell ages, to be measured reproducibly.<\/p>\r\n<p>A precision cycler with these characteristics improves the reliability and comparability of HPPC results. In MITS Pro, the protocol is programmed once as a schedule, uses the cell definition for capacity-based limits, and applies the appropriate logging and limits to each step.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section id=\"refs\">\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li id=\"r1\">[1]FreedomCAR Battery Test Manual for Power-Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, DOE\/ID-11069, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, October 2003.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r2\">[2]Battery Test Manual for Electric Vehicles, Revision 3, INL\/EXT-15-34184, Idaho National Laboratory, June 2015.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r3\">[3]R. Rogers, &#8220;HPPC Test with Arbin,&#8221; Arbin Instruments, 2021.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r4\">[4]W. Waag, S. K\u00e4bitz, D. U. Sauer, &#8220;Experimental investigation of the lithium-ion battery impedance characteristic at various conditions and aging states and its influence on the application,&#8221; Applied Energy, 102, 885-897 (2013).<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r5\">[5]H. He, R. Xiong, J. Fan, &#8220;Evaluation of lithium-ion battery equivalent circuit models for state of charge estimation by an experimental approach,&#8221; Energies, 4, 582-598 (2011).<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r6\">[6]G. L. Plett, Battery Management Systems, Volume I: Battery Modeling, Artech House, 2015.<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r7\">[7]A. Barai, K. Uddin, W. D. Widanage, A. McGordon, P. Jennings, &#8220;A study of the influence of measurement timescale on internal resistance characterisation methodologies for lithium-ion cells,&#8221; Scientific Reports, 8, 21 (2018).<\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r8\">[8]energy inside GmbH, &#8220;Specification for Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Cell XCell N18650-35E,&#8221; document 148187. <a href=\"https:\/\/asset.conrad.com\/media10\/add\/160267\/c1\/-\/gl\/002618354DS00\/datenblatt-2618354-xcell-n18650-35e-spezial-akku-18650-flat-top-li-ion-36-v-3350-mah-1-st.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Datasheet (PDF)<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li id=\"r9\">[9]Arbin Instruments, &#8220;HPS Ultra-High Precision Battery Cycler,&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-research\/high-precision-tester.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arbin.com\/battery-research\/high-precision-tester.html<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/an-024-fig2-arbin-hps-integrated-chambers.webp\" alt=\"Arbin HPS cycler with integrated chambers\" width=\"532\" height=\"auto\" \/>\r\n<p>System used in this note<\/p>\r\n<h3>HPS Ultra-High Precision Battery Cycler<\/h3>\r\n<p>\u00b16 V bipolar, six current ranges from 5 A to 100 \u00b5A, 10 ppm voltage precision, and an integrated chamber per channel from 10 to 60 \u00b0C.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-research\/high-precision-tester.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">View the HPS<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/request-a-quote.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get a quote for HPS<\/a>\r\n<h3>Running HPPC on modules or packs?<\/h3>\r\n<p>Send us your test plan. An applications engineer will recommend the system and set up the HPPC schedule with you.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/request-a-quote.html\">Talk to an Engineer<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/request-a-quote.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Get a Quote<\/a><\/article>\r\n<section>\r\n<h2>Related application notes<\/h2>\r\n<p>Other resistance and pulse methods on Arbin systems.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/how-to-perform-dc-internal-resistance-measurement-with-arbin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AN-013Resistance &amp; Power<\/a>\r\n<h3>How to perform DC Internal Resistance measurement with Arbin?<\/h3>\r\n<p>How MITS measures DC internal resistance with the pulse method.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/how-to-perform-dc-internal-resistance-measurement-with-arbin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read note \u2192<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/how-to-perform-internal-resistance-measurement-accroding-to-iec-61960-with-arbin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AN-010Resistance &amp; Power<\/a>\r\n<h3>Internal Resistance measurement according to IEC 61960<\/h3>\r\n<p>The IEC 61960 two-step discharge pulse method.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/how-to-perform-internal-resistance-measurement-accroding-to-iec-61960-with-arbin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read note \u2192<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-test-for-electric-vehicles-ev-application-notes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> AN-001EV &amp; Drive Cycles<\/a>\r\n<h3>Battery Test for Electric Vehicles (EV)<\/h3>\r\n<p>EV procedures including cold cranking, programmed in MITS.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/battery-test-for-electric-vehicles-ev-application-notes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read note \u2192<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/what-is-pulse-in-arbin-library.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> FAQSchedules &amp; MITS<\/a>\r\n<h3>What is a Pulse step?<\/h3>\r\n<p>Pulse-level and stage-level settings for short, high-rate steps.<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arbin.com\/what-is-pulse-in-arbin-library.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read FAQ \u2192<\/a><\/section>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home \u00a0\u203a\u00a0 Resources \u00a0\u203a\u00a0 Application Notes \u00a0\u203a\u00a0 HPPC Application Note AN-024 Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) Testing with Arbin MITS Pro Summary The Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test measures the pulse resistance and pulse power capability of a battery across its state-of-charge (SOC) range. This application note describes the HPPC method, the cycler characteristics [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":183719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_titles_title":"HPPC Test: Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization Method | Arbin","_seopress_titles_desc":"How to run an HPPC test: the DOE pulse profile, resistance and pulse power equations, cycler requirements, and a worked 18650 example on an Arbin 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